DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization, is a non-governmental organization recognized by the German government as the national standards body and represents German interests at international and European level.
DIN Standards promote rationalization, quality assurance, safety, and environmental protection as well as improving communication between industry, technology, science, government and the public domain. Standards work is carried out by 26,000 external experts serving as voluntary delegates in more than 4,000 committees. Draft standards are published for public comment, and all comments are reviewed before final publication of the standard. Published standards are reviewed for continuing relevance every five years, at least.
The over 12,000 DIN standards cover a wide range of topics including: physical quantities and units, fasteners, water analysis, building and civil engineering (including building materials, construction contract procedures (VOB), soil testing, corrosion protection of steel structures), materials testing (testing machines, plastics, rubber, petroleum products, semiconductors), steel pipes, machine tools, twist drills, roller and ball bearings, and process engineering. DIN Handbooks (covering subjects such as mechanical engineering, fasteners, steel, steel pipes, and welding), and most DIN standards are available as English versions, or as English translations.
DIN standards designation
The designation of a DIN standard shows its origin (# denotes a number):
* DIN # is used for German standards with primarily domestic significance or designed as a first step toward international status
* E DIN # is a draft standard and
* DIN V # is a preliminary standard
* DIN EN # is used for German edition of European standards
* DIN ETS # is used for standards prepared by European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* DIN ISO # is used for German edition of ISO standards
* DIN EN ISO # is used if the standard as also been adopted as a European standard
Examples - DIN Standards
* DIN 75078-1 Motor vehicle for the transport of persons with reduced mobility - Part 1: Terms and definitions, requirements, tests
* DIN V 4108-4 Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings - Part 4: Hygrothermal design values
* DIN EN 126 Multifunctional controls for gas burning appliances
* DIN EN ISO 10042 Welding - Arc-welded joints in aluminum and its weldable alloys - Quality levels for imperfections (ISO/DIS 10042:2004)
DIN Standards promote rationalization, quality assurance, safety, and environmental protection as well as improving communication between industry, technology, science, government and the public domain. Standards work is carried out by 26,000 external experts serving as voluntary delegates in more than 4,000 committees. Draft standards are published for public comment, and all comments are reviewed before final publication of the standard. Published standards are reviewed for continuing relevance every five years, at least.
The over 12,000 DIN standards cover a wide range of topics including: physical quantities and units, fasteners, water analysis, building and civil engineering (including building materials, construction contract procedures (VOB), soil testing, corrosion protection of steel structures), materials testing (testing machines, plastics, rubber, petroleum products, semiconductors), steel pipes, machine tools, twist drills, roller and ball bearings, and process engineering. DIN Handbooks (covering subjects such as mechanical engineering, fasteners, steel, steel pipes, and welding), and most DIN standards are available as English versions, or as English translations.
DIN standards designation
The designation of a DIN standard shows its origin (# denotes a number):
* DIN # is used for German standards with primarily domestic significance or designed as a first step toward international status
* E DIN # is a draft standard and
* DIN V # is a preliminary standard
* DIN EN # is used for German edition of European standards
* DIN ETS # is used for standards prepared by European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* DIN ISO # is used for German edition of ISO standards
* DIN EN ISO # is used if the standard as also been adopted as a European standard
Examples - DIN Standards
* DIN 75078-1 Motor vehicle for the transport of persons with reduced mobility - Part 1: Terms and definitions, requirements, tests
* DIN V 4108-4 Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings - Part 4: Hygrothermal design values
* DIN EN 126 Multifunctional controls for gas burning appliances
* DIN EN ISO 10042 Welding - Arc-welded joints in aluminum and its weldable alloys - Quality levels for imperfections (ISO/DIS 10042:2004)
Temperature (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a systems particles. Temperature is the degree of "hotness" ( or "coldness"), a measure of the heat intensity.
When two objects of different temperature are in contact, the warmer object becomes colder while the colder object becomes warmer. It means that heat flows from the warmer object to the colder one.
Degree Celsius (oC) and Degree Fahrenheit (oF)
Thermometer helps us determine how cold or how hot a substance is. Temperatures in science (and in most of the world) are measured and reported in degrees Celsius (oC). In the US, it is common to report temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (oF). On both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales the temperature at which ice melts (water freezes) and the temperature at which water boils, are used as reference points.
- On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of water is defined as 0 oC, and the boiling point of water is defined as 100 oC.
- On the Fahrenheit scale, the water freezes at 32 oF and the water boils at 212 oF.
Thus the following formulas can be used to convert temperature between the two scales:
tF = 1.8 tC + 32 = 9/5 tC + 32 (1)
tC = 0.56(tF -32) =5/9(tF - 32) (2)
where
tC = temperature in oC
tF = temperature in o
Example - A patient with SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) has a temperature of 106 oF. What does this read on a Celsius thermometer?tC = 5/9 (106-32)= 41.1 oC
Degree Kelvin - K
Another scale (common in science) is Kelvin, or the Absolute Temperature Scale. On the Kelvin scale the coldest temperature possible, -273 oC, has a value of 0 Kelvin (0 K) and is called the absolute zero. Units on the Kelvin scale are called Kelvins (K) and no degree symbol is used.
Because there are no lower temperatures the Kelvin scale do not have negative numbers.
A Kelvin equal in size to a Celsius unit: 1 K= 1 oC.
To calculate a Kelvin temperature, add 273 to the Celsius temperature:
tK = tC + 273.16 (3)
Example - What is normal body temperature of 37 oC on the Kelvin scale?
tK = tC + 273.16 = 37 + 273.16 = 310.16 K
Degree Rankine - R
In the English system the absolute temperature is in degrees Rankine (R), not in Fahrenheit:
tR = tF + 459.69 (4)
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