mechanical engineering

B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31.

B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping

Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.

The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping

This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).
B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping

Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.

This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.
B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.

Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations

Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are:

• (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop;
• (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities;
• (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants;
• (D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.

B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components

This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.

Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.

This Code shall not apply to:

• (a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
• (b) water piping;
• (c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size; or
• (d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps,

but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities.
B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines

This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas.

Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.

The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes.

The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.
B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping

This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.

This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or within the property limits.
B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems.

Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.
B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines

A supplement To B31 Code-Pressure Piping

The ASTM International specifications for steel tubes list standard requirements for boiler and super heater tubes, general service tubes, steel tubes in refinery service, heat exchanger and condenser tubes, mechanical and structural tubing.
Steel Pipes

• A53 - A53/A53M-99b - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
• A74 - A74-98 - Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
• A106 - A106-99e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• A126 - A126-95e1 - Specification for Grey Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
• A134 - A134-96 - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over)
• A135 - A135-97c - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe
• A139 - A139-96e1 - Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)
• A182 - A182/A182M-99 - Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
• A252 - A252-98 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles
• A312 - A312/A312M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
• A333 - A333/A333M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service
• A335 - A335/A335M-99 - Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• A338 - A338-84 (1998) - Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650�F (345�C)
• A358 - A358/A358M-98 - Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• A369 - A369/A369M-92 - Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• A376 - A376/A376M-98 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station Service
• A377 - A377-99 - Index of Specifications for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe
• A409 - A409/A409M-95ae1 - Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service
• A426 - A426-92 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• A451 - A451-93 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
• A523 - A523-96 - Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits
• A524 - A524-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures
• A530 - A530/A530M-99 - Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
• A648 - A648-95e1 - Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for Pre-stressing Concrete Pipe
• A674 - A674-95 - Practice for Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe for Water or Other Liquids
• A691 - A691-98 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures
• A694 - A694/A694M-00 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
• A716 - A716-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe
• A733 - A733-99 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples
• A742 - A742/A742M-98 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic Coated and Polymer Pre-coated for Corrugated Steel Pipe
• A746 - A746-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
• A760 - A760/A760M-99 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains
• A761 - A761/A761M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches
• A762 - A762/A762M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Pre-coated for Sewers and Drains
• A790 - A790/A790M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
• A796 - A796/A796M-99 - Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications
• A798 - A798/A798M-97a - Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
• A807 - A807/A807M-97 - Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
• A810 - A810-94 - Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Pipe Winding Mesh
• A813 - A813/A813M-95e2 - Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
• A814 - A814/A814M-96 (1998) - Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
• A849 - A849-99 - Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, and Linings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe
• A861 - A861-94e1 - Specification for High-Silicon Iron Pipe and Fittings
• A862 - A862/A862M-98 - Practice for Application of Asphalt Coatings to Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe
• A865 - A865-97 - Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints
• A872 - A872-91 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments
• A885 - A885/A885M-96 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc and Aramid Fiber Composite Coated for Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe
• A888 - A888-98e1 - Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications
• A926 - A926-97 - Test Method for Comparing the Abrasion Resistance of Coating Materials for Corrugated Metal Pipe
• A928 - A928/A928M-98 - Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
• A929 - A929/A929M-97 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe
• A930 - A930-99 - Practice for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipe Used for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
• A943 - A943/A943M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
• A949 - A949/A949M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
• A954 - A954-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe
• A972 - A972/A972M-99 - Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles
• A978 - A978/A978M-97 - Specification for Composite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated and Polyethylene Lined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, and Other Special Applications
• A984 - A984/A984M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Electric-Resistance-Welded
• A998 - A998/A998M-98 - Practice for Structural Design of Reinforcements for Fittings in Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
• A999 - A999/A999M-98 - Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
• A1005 - A1005/A1005M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded
• A1006 - A1006/A1006M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded

Steel Tubes

Superheater, Boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:

• A178 - A178/A178M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
• A192 - A192/A192M-91 (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service
• A209 - A209/A209M-98 - Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A210 - A210/A210M-96 - Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
• A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes
• A250 - A250/A250M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
• A254 - A254-97 - Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing
• A268 - A268/A268M-96 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
• A269 - A269-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
• A270 - A270-98ae1 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing
• A334 - A334/A334M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service
• A423 - A423/A423M-95 - Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes
• A450 - A450/A450M-96a - Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes
• A608 - A608-91a (1998) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures
• A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing
• A632 - A632-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service
• A688 - A688/A688M-98 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes
• A771 - A771/A771M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
• A778 - A778-98 - Specification for Welded, Unanneled Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular Products
• A789 - A789/A789M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
• A803 - A803/A803M-98 - Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes
• A822 - A822-90 (1995) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Tubing for Hydraulic System Service
• A826 - A826/A826M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
• A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
• A908 - A908-91 (1998) - Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing
• A953 - A953-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Tubing -

Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

• A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
• A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
• A214 - A214/A214M-96 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
• A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes
• A498 - A498-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon, Ferritic, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins
• A851 - A851-96 - Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes -

Structural Tubing

• A500 - A500-99 - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
• A501 - A501-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing
• A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
• A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing -

Mechanical Tubing

• A511 - A511-96 - Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
• A512 - A512-96 - Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing
• A513 - A513-98 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing
• A519 - A519-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing
• A554 - A554-98e1 - Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing -

Welded Fittings

• A234 - A234/A234M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
• A403 - A403/A403M-99a - Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
• A420 - A420/A420M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service
• A758 - A758/A758M-98 - Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness
• A774 - A774/A774M-98 - Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures -